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Urology

May 1, 2012 Urology

Urology is the branch of medicine that deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to urinary tract of male and female, as well as male reproductive system. Urology comes under surgical specialty, however a urologist must also have some knowledge of internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics and other fields of medicine, as most urological problems may be related to some other problem in the body. In all there are seven sub-specialties of urology, as set by American Urological Association. These are:

(a)    Urologic Oncology

(b)   Male Infertility

(c)    Renal Transplantation

(d)   Calculi

(e)    Neurourology (deals with impotence, erectile dysfunction and other related disorders

(f)    Female Urology

(g)   Pediatric Urology

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Stress Fracture – Lower Leg

March 29, 2012 Sports Medicine

There are two bones in the leg, one small and one large, the larger one is called tibia and the smaller one fibula. Stress fracture in the lower leg generally affects the tibia as it is the bone that bears major part of body weight. However, stress fracture may occur in any of the two bones. Stress fracture generally occurs just above the ankle, on the inner side, on tibia.

The major symptom of stress fracture is pain, especially just above the ankle. The pain usually intensifies due to long distance running. This is followed by swelling and tenderness at the point where fracture has occurred. Pain is also felt when the shin is pressed. The symptoms are not seen in an X-ray taken immediately after an injury, and may only be seen after 4-5 weeks. The major indication of a fracture seen on X-ray is growth of bone, where the injury has started healing.

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Computed Tomography

February 25, 2012 Radiology

When doctors come across a very serious ailment which cannot be diagnosed by basic tests they recommend advanced investigations, where CT scan is one of them. CT stands for Computed Tomography. This test involves use of X-rays for doing comprehensive study of the inner body structure by pictorial means. The patient is made to lie on a table that has CT scanner attached to it. The scanner moves over the body part at a fast speed taking fraction of a second to rotate over it and in the process, sends X-rays through the area being examined and takes CT pictures. The pictures so taken are computed and can be printed, thus made available for detailed study.

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Infectious Diseases

December 21, 2011 Infectious Disease

An infectious disease is an illness caused by agents such as viruses, fungi, parasites or bacteria, and is the most common form of disease in the world. There are several types of infectious diseases spread through different means, some are spread from insect bites or bite of animals, some from person to person some by eating infected food or water, or through exposure to certain environments. The symptoms for different diseases are different; however fever and chills are a common occurrence in most of them. Some of the common symptoms, risk factors, complications and treatments of infectious disease are mentioned in succeeding paragraphs.

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Gestational Diabetes

November 18, 2011 Diabetes

Gestational diabetes, as the name suggests, is the type of diabetes that affects pregnant women. Around 4% of pregnant women suffer from this disorder, where about 130,000 cases are seen per year in United States alone. The major cause for gestational diabetes is attributed to the hormonal changes during pregnancy which causes the body to resist insulin. Hormones that are responsible for growth and development of placenta and the baby, hinder normal functioning of insulin. This condition is called insulin resistance. A pregnant woman requires more insulin to release energy for normal growth and development of the baby. The inability of the body to provide adequate insulin results in gestational diabetes.

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Narcolepsy

October 16, 2011 Sleep Disorders

Narcolepsy refers to a sleep disorder which is typically characterized by uncontrollable urge to sleep in the daytime. It is also termed as Dyssomnia. The person may feel like sleeping at any odd hour in the day. There are few symptoms by which we can recognize that the person is suffering from Narcolepsy, such as abrupt loss of sensation of muscles, also called cataplexy, hallucinations, and being paralyzed while asleep. The person may feel drowsy and tired throughout the day. Cataplexy usually occurs after experiencing a strong emotion, may be anger or elation. One may suddenly feel weak in the muscles. And even if the person sleeps at night, it would be accompanied by frequent awakenings. Sleep paralysis may occur when one has just woken up or has just slept.  In this, the person is not able to move or talk for a while.

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Insomnia

September 13, 2011 Sleep Disorders

Insomnia is a sleep disorder which may be caused due to various factors, such as what situation one is in, medical reasons, such as if one is in physical pain and therefore not able to sleep. There may be psychiatric reasons, such as in case of some stress etc. where one is not able to be at ease to get sleep.  Insomnia could be short term or long term. Short term insomnia may be caused due to changes in work timings, some unpleasant noise around, extreme weather conditions, and illness. Sometimes short term insomnia may even be caused due to high altitude especially at hilly areas or while travelling in an aircraft over long distances, causing jet lag.

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Pelvic inflammatory disease

August 11, 2011 Gynecology

Pelvic inflammatory disease is a disease which is caused due to infection in the reproductive organs of a woman. These infections occur mainly due to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When STDs are left without diagnosis and treatment then Pelvic inflammatory disease develops. The bacteria in these cases may spread towards the uterus and other parts of the reproductive system. If the Pelvic inflammatory disease is not checked and diagnosed at the right time then there is great chance of it infecting the ovary and the fallopian tube. Pelvic inflammatory disease may be accompanied by pain in the pelvis and can finally lead to infertility in women. Ectopic pregnancy could also result due to Pelvic inflammatory disease.

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Orthopedic Surgery

July 9, 2011 Orthopedics

An orthopedic surgery is performed by an orthopedic surgeon to completely or partially treat an orthopedic condition. The surgery may involve restoring or replacing any part of the musculoskeletal system to restore movement and normal function of that body part. Some of the surgeries performed by an orthopedic surgeon are given below:

Knee Replacement: The total knee replacement procedure involves replacing the worn out parts of the affected knee joint. In this process the bottom of the thigh bone is replaced with a new piece, and top of the lower leg bone is replaced, thus replacing the entire knee joint. Once the surgery is over, the patient is given post-surgery treatment in the form of medication and recommended mild exercise to restore normal movement.

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Diabetes: Changes in the Body

June 6, 2011 Diabetes

The condition of diabetes is irreversible and can neither be prevented nor cured. There are certain changes that take place in the body once diabetes develops. This happens due to the change in level of blood glucose, which in turn affects functioning of blood vessels, nerves and hormones. Once diabetes develops these changes become permanent in nature and are seen as symptoms of the disorder. Some of these changes taking place in the body are mentioned below.